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By the time Andrew Jackson won the 1828 presidential election, the Cherokee people, living primarily in Georgia, had adopted the ways of their white neighbors, even to the extent of utilizing Africans for plantation slave labor. As a separate community within Georgia, established by earlier treaties that gave land rights to the Cherokee “forever,” the Indian nation had become transformed into an agricultural society. None of this mattered, however, to the new president whose first message to Congress in 1829 called for removal of all indigenous people to lands beyond the Mississippi. For the Cherokee, the result was the Trail of Tears.
Christian missionaries worked tirelessly with the Cherokee to facilitate their absorption into a white community. Cherokee children attended schools and learned to read their own language following the development of an alphabet or “syllabary.” Women worked at looms while men tended the farms. The Cherokee Phoenix, first published in 1828, provided news.
Their homes were made of logs, much like the white farmers, and wealthy Cherokee could afford grander dwellings that were modeled on the proto-plantation dwellings of larger estates. Over 1,200 slaves were owned by wealthy Cherokee farmers. At the time President Jackson determined to remove them to Oklahoma, the Cherokee had put into a place a constitution that was modeled on the federal Constitution.
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